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Multilizer pdf translator crack rar For many years, lab tests have been conducted on animals to make sure that they are safe. This practice has continued even though the results of these tests raise serious ethical questions. A Canadian study done by the National Research Council found that over 50% of drugs tested on animals do not work as effectively when tried on humans. Another study done by Consumer Reports found that over half of new drugs fail in clinical trials because they were tested only in animal models. Scientists usually believe that animal models can be more predictive than human or computer models because the response is so much stronger for something like cancer. However, the conclusion reached by NRC scientists was that animal tests are "inherently unreliable." It is important to note that the agency is not saying that there are dangers in testing new drugs on animals. Rather, it claims that it's unsafe to use animal models as the only source of information. Animal models make good predictions but they don't always show what will happen when a drug is tested on humans. This can lead to potentially lethal side effects since researchers may focus only on one property of the drug and ignore other, more significant risks which can be present in human beings. For example, animal studies do not always take into account other important factors, such as the age of the organism being tested. Stories have been published showing that tests have shown an adverse reaction in monkeys after being given certain other drugs. The tests also did not show cases where adverse effects arose from the other drug which had already been given to the primates by accident. Another concern is that animal tests are not able to test all aspects of a drug. They are capable of giving only one response about the drug, even though there may be many possible responses which are possible with human beings or computer models. For example, the National Research Council says, "Animal tests are also ill equipped to address questions about drug safety in children or the elderly." This is because animals have different physiology than humans. A study done at the University of Washington found that mice have different levels of glucose tolerance than human beings. This indicates that animals may not be able to give a full representation of how human reactions to drugs will be. The study even found differences between species of mice, so it may be difficult to know what species is most predictive for humans. Another problem with animal testing is that scientists have trouble knowing how much toxic material they are injecting into an animal's body during a test. Many times they use high doses, which could be dangerous for the animal, and unnecessary when testing humans. Cells in animals are also different than human beings, and many times they respond to greater levels of drugs than humans do. There is also an issue with the specimens used in tests. These specimens can be inadequate to test drugs properly. "For example, only a few pharmacologists had anticholinergics available for use in their research," states the National Research Council report. Scientists like to use very large animals like mice and rats since this will create a bigger brain and brain damage is seen as a good indicator of whether a drug is toxic. cfa1e77820
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